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Solar Time00:52

What is Sun Path Diagram & Solar Analysis?

A Sun Path Diagram (or Solar Path Chart) is a scientific visualization that maps the sun's position across the sky for a specific location over the entire year. It is an essential tool for architects, solar engineers, and urban planners to analyze daylight access, shading, solar heat gain, and photovoltaic potential. Our interactive tool serves as a comprehensive solar almanac, providing precise Altitude and Azimuth angles calculated using the NREL Solar Position Algorithm (SPA).

How to Read a Sun Path Diagram

The diagram works like a flattened dome of the sky. The center represents the Zenith (directly overhead), and the outer circle represents the Horizon.

  • Curved Lines (Date Lines): Each curve traces the sun's path for a specific day. The highest curve corresponds to the Summer Solstice (longest day), and the lowest curve is the Winter Solstice (shortest day).
  • Vertical/Radial Lines (Hour Lines): These figure-8 loops (Analemmas) or curves connect the sun's position at the same solar time across different days of the year.
  • Concentric Circles: Represent Altitude (elevation angle) in degrees. The horizon is 0°, and the center is 90°.
  • Radial Angles: Represent Azimuth (compass direction). 0° is North, 90° East, 180° South, 270° West.

Key Solar Terminology

Altitude (Elevation)

The vertical angle of the sun above the horizon. 0° means the sun is on the horizon (sunrise/sunset), and 90° means it is directly overhead (zenith).

Azimuth

The horizontal compass direction of the sun. Measured clockwise from North (0°). East is 90°, South is 180°, West is 270°.

Solar Noon

The moment when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky for the day. This rarely coincides with 12:00 PM clock time due to longitude and Equation of Time adjustments.

Solstices & Equinoxes

Summer Solstice: Highest sun path, longest day. Winter Solstice: Lowest sun path, shortest day. Equinoxes: Sun rises exactly East and sets exactly West.

Scaling Beyond Just Sun Path Diagram & Solar Analysis

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How to Perform Solar Analysis

Step-by-step instructions to use the Sun Path Diagram for site analysis and shading studies.

1

Set Location

Use the map picker or search bar to set your project's latitude and longitude. Solar paths vary significantly with latitude.
2

Select Date and Time

Adjust the sliders to see the sun's position at specific moments, or use the 'Now' button for real-time tracking.
3

Analyze Day Paths

Examine the Summer and Winter solstice paths to determine the range of solar movement over the year.
4

Upload 3D Context (Optional)

Upload an OBJ or STL model of your site context to see real-time shadow casting and solar access for specific windows or terraces.

Common Questions

1
Why does the sun path look like a figure-8?

The figure-8 shape, known as an **Analemma**, appears when you plot the sun's position at the same clock time every day for a year. It is caused by the Earth's axial tilt (23.4°) and its elliptical orbit around the sun, which makes the apparent solar time drift relative to clock time (Equation of Time).

2
How accurate is this tool?

This tool uses the **NREL Solar Position Algorithm (SPA)**, which is considered the gold standard for solar usage calculations. It has an accuracy of ±0.0003 degrees, far exceeding the precision needed for architectural or photovoltaic analysis.

3
What is the difference between Stereographic and Orthographic projections?

**Stereographic** expands the center, making it easier to read altitude angles near the zenith and allows viewing the entire sky dome (obstructions) easily. **Orthographic** is a true parallel projection, appearing like a 3D sphere seen from above, often used in technical drawings but compressing the horizon.

4
How do I use this for Shading Analysis?

You can upload a 3D model (OBJ/STL) of your building or context. The tool will cast shadows based on the sun's precise position. Alternatively, you can visualize obstacles on the 2D chart: any obstacle above the sun path curve for a given time window indicates the site will be shaded during that period.
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